Tooth sensitivity is a short, sharp twinge in a tooth triggered by something cold, hot, sweet or sour. It usually goes away as soon as the trigger is removed. This very common condition is most often linked to exposure of dentin, the inner layer of the tooth.
How does sensitivity develop?
Dentin contains many microscopic tubules leading to the nerve. Normally it is protected by enamel and the gums. When enamel wears away or the gums recede, the dentin is exposed; outside stimuli travel through these tubules to the nerve and a twinge is felt.
Main causes
- Gum recession: Exposes the root surface.
- Enamel wear: Hard brushing, acidic foods and drinks, stomach acid (reflux, vomiting)
- Clenching and grinding: Wear of the enamel and loss of tooth structure at the neck of the tooth
- Decay: A twinge with sweets in particular may point to decay.
- A cracked or broken tooth: Sharp pain when biting
- After a new filling, whitening or scaling: Usually temporary.
- During orthodontic treatment: There may be temporary sensitivity linked to tooth movement.
Finding the source of sensitivity
At the examination you are asked which tooth is sensitive, to what stimulus and for how long. The teeth, gum level, areas of wear and the bite are examined, and X-rays are taken if needed. This assessment distinguishes simple sensitivity from conditions that need treatment, such as decay or nerve inflammation.
Treatment options
- Toothpastes and mouthwashes for sensitive teeth: For details, see our article on choosing a toothpaste.
- In-clinic treatments: Fluoride varnish, desensitising agents, bonding
- Fillings: Repairing loss of tooth structure at the neck of the tooth
- Gum treatment or grafting: For roots exposed by recession
- Night guard: If there is clenching
- Root canal treatment: For nerve-related pain that does not respond to other methods
Paying attention to oral hygiene
A soft brush, the right technique, flossing and not brushing straight after acidic drinks help prevent sensitivity.
When should you see a dentist?
An examination is needed if sensitivity has continued for several weeks, is concentrated in one tooth, persists after the trigger is removed or if spontaneous pain has started. For what you can do at home, also read our article what helps a sensitive, aching tooth?
